IFAD, Roundtable Discussion Paper for the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Session of IFAD’s Governing Council WOMEN, as Agents of Change, February 2003. Contact; Via del Serafico, 107 | 00142 Rome, Italy Tel +39-06-54591 | Fax +39-06-5043463 E-mail: ifad@ifad.org | www.ifad.org

Bailey, T and Mouton, J, Women's particiaption in science and technology, Synthesis Report, Stellenbosch, 15 March 2004The National Department of Science and Technology (DST) commissioned the Centre for Research on Science and Technology (CREST) at the University of Stellenbosch in January 2003 to undertake an investigation into Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) in South Africa. The aims of this research were twofold1. To develop a sex-disaggregated profile of the human resources for science and technology in the public science system in South Africa.2. To explore the nature and extent of the contribution of research in the public domain to understanding the specific needs and problems of women in general.

Townsend, J., E. Zapata, J. Rowlands, P.Alberti and M. Mercado 1999. Women and Power: Fighting Patriarchies and Poverty. Zed Books. 200 pp.A major re-evauation of ideas about power, this book throws new light on empowerment by showing how women can and do take power into and over their own lives. The authors explore the achievements of rural Mexican women, showing how it is often poor women in poor countries who are celebrating new powers and changing their own lives. They deal with power in everyday terms: how power is gained or lost through working with others in, for example, income-generating projects; how women's lives are defined or constrained by the power of the state, family or religion; how self-empowerment can transform personal relations; and the enabling roles sometimes played from without by NGOs an/or the international development community.

CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Prgoram). 2000. Women and agricultural technology: report of a preliminary search for nodes of information and literature. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, Cali, Colombia.This report collates the existing sources of information on women and technology including organisations and programs, web sources, networks, databases, bibliographies, and literature. The purpose is to see what has been done to date to help enhance poor women's access to agricultural technologies that take into account their specific production responsibilities. The next step from here is to delve deeper into these sources of information to see what they offer by way of current analyses, at a global level, of the needs of poor women for agricultural technologies. In this way it will be possible to identify gaps, and to assess what needs to be done by the international research community.

Thomas-Slayter, B., A.L. Esser, and M.D. Shields, M. Dale. 1993. Tools of Gender Analysis: A Guide to Field Methods for Bringing Gender into Sustainable Resource Management. ECOGEN Research project. Clark University.This guide focuses on ways gender analysis helps to increase the effectiveness of development for sustainable resource management. It presents an overview of gender considerations and suggests analytical tools for development professionals in NGO and government and international organizations to increase the effectiveness and sustainability of project activities. The primary goal is to make policy and program specialists aware of simple and inexpensive tools to incorporate gender concerns into development.

Evers, B and J. Harrigan. 2003. SEAGA Macro Level Handbook. Gender analysis in macroeconomic and agricultural sector policies and programmes. Socioeconomic and Gender Analysis Programme, FAO.This Handbook is part of FAO’s renewed emphasis on policy assistance and on building a policy capacity in developing countries towards the ultimate aim of contributing to greater food security and to poverty reduction. It is also part of the Organization’s work of mainstreaming gender in all aspects of policy-making, including economic policies. While it is acknowledged that food security and poverty are to be addressed from a multisectoral perspective, it is also widely recognised that it is the growth of the agriculture and rural sector that has the most linkages with the growth of the rural economy as a whole. The role of women in agriculture is well known and documented by now as well as their pivotal role in ensuring food security, both through production and through other rural activities enabling access to food. The purpose of this Handbook is to show that both men’s and women’s productive capacity and their capacity to participate in the economy is shaped by their gender roles and that, therefore, gender relations impact agricultural outcomes and affect economic efficiency. There is evidence that gender equity is shown to be linked to increased efficiency and increased prospects for rural growth and the development of the rural economy. It follows that gender ought not to be considered as a purely social issue or an add-on category to decision-making but rather, as an integral part of policy-making and implementation, thus deserving explicit analytical attention.

Norem, R. 2001. SEAGA Intermediate Level Handbook. Socioeconomic and Gender Analysis Programme, FAO.The purpose of the Intermediate Handbook is to support participatory development for those who play an intermediary role between government policy makers and individuals and households at the community level. Intermediaries can be governmental or United Nations development institutions, organisations, or non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which contain groups of people, bound by some common purpose. In some instances those who play an intermediary role may be part of a centralised government structure, but in other instances, they are part of a decentralised governmental structure, NGOs or belong to community-based organisation. Decentralisation of government responsibilities and resources is taking place in many parts of the world. The changing roles of various organisations and their ability to adapt to decentralisation are key to decentralisation work. Intermediaries are often responsible for linking communities to the policy-making process. They are therefore in a position to help develop processes that involve local people in making decisions about the kind of change they want in their communities and the allocation of resources to achieve that change. In essence, the SEAGA Intermediate Handbook is written for development planners in all types of public and private sector groups, from government ministries to community groups. It is also designed to assist small and medium size organisations such as community based groups. Some small government offices or ministries may also find the ideas useful. The analysis concepts and tools included in the Handbook focus on planning and implementing participatory change that takes into account differences in gender roles and relationships and other socio-economic characteristics of various stakeholder groups. The Handbook encourages practical application of the SEAGA concepts and tools. This Handbook includes concepts, guidelines, tools, and examples from organisational planning and process models that are widely used around the world. Other tools have been developed specifically for the SEAGA Handbook.

Wilde, V. 2001. SEAGA Field Level Handbook. Socioeconomic and Gender Analysis Programme. FAO.The SEAGA Field Handbook is written for development agents who work directly with local communities in developing countries. It is intended for outsiders such as extensionists, government and non-government field workers, and private- and public-sector development consultants, and for insiders such as community organisers and leaders of local groups and institutions. The purpose of this Handbook is to support participatory development planning at the community level. Using the tools provided in this Handbook will help outsiders and insiders to work together to:    * Identify key development patterns    * Understand the livelihood strategies of different people, and    * Build consensus about development priorities and action plans.This SEAGA Field Handbook incorporates ideas and methods from people of all regions of the world who share a commitment to participatory development. It is based on actual experiences in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, but can be used by those working in all sectors of rural development. While building on earlier learnings, there are three things that are different about this Handbook. First, explicit attention is given to the linkages among economic, environmental, social and institutional patterns that together constitute the development context. Both opportunities and constraints for development are identified. Second, understanding gender, wealth, ethnicity, caste and other social differences in communities is considered fundamental to understanding livelihood strategies and development priorities. The poor and marginalised are ensured a voice. And third, this Handbook provides toolkits specifically designed to support a participatory process that first, focuses on an analysis of the current situation, and second, focuses on planning for the future. The toolkits consist of a number of rapid rural and participatory rural appraisal tools, but include also a series of SEAGA Questions to facilitate and deepen analysis.

Chant, S. 2003. New contributions to the analysis of poverty: methodological and conceptual challenges to understanding poverty from a gender perspective. Women and Development Unit. Mujer y desarrollo N° 47. United Nations.This paper aims to outline major methodological and conceptual challenges to understanding poverty from a gender perspective. It covers three key aspects:    * ways in which poverty analysis has been progressively 'engendered' during three decades of feminist research    * barriers to understanding poverty from a gender perspective, such as forms of gender exclusion in mainstream analyses and inadequacies in data on gender and poverty    * thoughts on future directions in research and policyThe author suggests that the emerging debates have drawn attention to the problems of generalising about women's poverty, and of engaging in superficial dualistic comparisons between male- and female-headed households. In addition, these approaches broaden the prospects for change through tackling gender inequalities in a number of arenas. This would signify interventions which strive to redress gender inequalities in different 'spaces', such as the labour market, legal institutions, the home as well as within different aspects and processes of poverty and inequality.

Women as Agents of Change, FIDA, Contact; Via del Serafico, 107 | 00142 Roma, Italia, Tel +39-06-54591 | Fax +39-06-5043463 Correo electrónico: ifad@ifad.org, www.ifad.org, 2004

Quisumbing, Agnes; Brown, Lynn R.; Feldstein, Hilary Sims; Haddad, Lawrence James; Pena, Christine. Issue Brief: 3. 2000. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Out of Print -- For more information, contact IFPRI-info@cgiar.org

Ashby, J; Hartl, M; Lambrou, Y; Larson, G; Lubbock, A; Peh, E and Ragasa, C. Agriculture for Development, the 2008 World Development Report, showed that agriculture is a critical source of livelihoods for women in many developing countries, and a key pathway out of poverty.1 It also portrayed women in many rural societies as especially constrained by a lack of access to inputs, productive resources, and services. They also often lack incentives to invest given the greater vulnerability and proportionately greater exposure to risk that result from having fewer assets, and the very real likelihood that once their niche in the value chain becomes commercially profitable it will be expropriated by men. The Gender and Agriculture Sourcebook uses empirical evidence to inform policy formulation and program design.2 It provides decision makers and practitioners with practical guidance, not only on how to avoid the pitfalls of gender neutral planning, but on how to capitalize on the extraordinary productive and poverty reducing potential of the woman farmer.

Contact: Annina Lubbock Senior Technical Adviser Gender and Household Food Security, Technical Advisory Division, IFAD Via del Serafico 107, 0142 Rome Tel: 0039 0654592489 Email: a.lubbock@ifad.orgWorking for change, Implementing the Beijing Platform for Action: IFAD’s approachThe International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to combating hunger and rural poverty in the most disadvantaged regions of the world, where agriculture is becoming increasingly women’s work. IFAD works to create the conditions to enable rural poor people to integrate themselves into the mainstream of social and economic development, and to overcome poverty by improving their access to, and control over fundamental assets such as water, land, financial capital, knowledge and technology. Special effort is made to remove the material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent rural poor, women in particular, from harnessing their potential.

Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2001. Gender-based policy analysis. New Zealand Ministry of Women's Affairs.This resource includes a glossary of terms used in gender analysis, definitions and goals of gender analysis and an outline of the stages of gender analysis in policy development

Meinzen-Dick, R., L R. Brown, H. Feldstein, and A. Quisumbing. 1997. Gender, Property Rights, And Natural Resources. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute. Discussion Paper No. 29.This paper analyzes the ways in which gender issues affect property rights and the use of natural resources in developing countries. It examines the informal practices of resource use, usually involving multiple uses by multiple users. Traditional systems of access to land, water, and trees reflect complex dynamics among community members that must be understood in order to design successful policy interventions concerning natural resources. Drawing on examples from developing countries worldwide, the paper identifies broad patterns in how property rights are determined. It discusses the effects of privatization and commoditization of resources, and it identifies key issues to consider in the context of proposed resource management programs.

Verma, R. 2001. Gender, land and livelihoods in East Africa: Through Farmers' Eyes. IDRC. ISBN 0-88936-929-1 280 pp.In rural Africa and the Middle East, many ecosystems are on the verge of collapse. The interplay of social, ecological, and political-economic forces has compromised the ability of farmers to sustain their precious soil. As a result, farmers, and especially women farmers, face a constant daily struggle to survive.This book illustrates in rich detail the complexity and diversity of women’s lives in Maragoli, western Kenya, as they work to sustain their soils and negotiate a plethora of competing demands and constraints in an increasingly stressful economic environment. With extensive use of personal narratives and photographs from the farmers of Maragoli, this book demonstrates that soil degradation is not simply a function of population pressure and ignorance; rather, it is embedded in gender relations and complex struggles at the local level.

Quisumbing, A. (Ed). 2003. Gender, Household Decisions, And Development: A Synthesis Of Recent Research. International Food Policy Research Institute.Many decisions that affect the well-being of individuals are made within families or households. The processes by which resources are allocated among individuals and the outcomes of those processes are commonly referred to as “intrahousehold resource allocation.” Since the early 1990s, a growing literature has paid increasing attention to the role that intrahousehold resource allocation plays in affecting the outcome of development policy. The growth of this literature has been catalyzed by many factors: (1) the development of new models of household decisionmaking; (2) an increased awareness that paying attention to intrahousehold allocation issues matters in the design and implementation of development policy; (3) the growing availability of data from developing and developed countries with which to test alternative household models; and (4) the use of qualitative methods, arising from increased collaboration with anthropologists and other social scientists, to understand non-economic dimensions of human behavior. The main objective of this book is to synthesize new knowledge on intrahousehold allocation, drawing from the gender and intrahousehold research program of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and based on specially-designed household surveys in developing country.

Lambrou, Y. and R. Laub. 2004. Gender Perspectives on the Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification. Sustainable Development Department, FAO.The paper provides a gender-sensitive perspective on the three Rio Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Desertification. First, the Rio conventions are placed in their historical context and their administrative and financial framework. Secondly, the main gender issues relevant to the three conventions are exposed. A comparative overview of the level of gender mainstreaming in each of the international instruments relating to the Rio Conventions at study here is given. The essay concludes with a review of a few key issues in convention implementation, in relationship with gender.

Kabeer, N. 2003. Gender mainstreaming in poverty eradication and the millenium development goals: A Handbook for Policy-makers and Other Stakeholders . Commonwealth Secretariat/IDRC/CIDA. ISBN 1-55250-067-5. 240 pp.In this book, Naila Kabeer brings together a diverse set of arguments, findings, and lessons from the development literature that help to explain why gender equality merits specific attention from policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and other stakeholders committed to the pursuit of pro-poor and human-centred development. All over the world, women from poor households play a more critical role in income-earning and expenditure-saving activities that do women from better-off households, and these activities are concentrated in the informal economy. In the past decades, the relationship between household poverty and women’s paid activity has become stronger, partly in response to economic crises and the “push” into the labour market and partly in response to new opportunities generated by globalization. Improving women’s access to economic opportunities and enhancing returns on their efforts, therefore, will be central to the goal of poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This book explores the issue of gender inequality through the lens of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly the first one of halving world poverty by 2015.

Development in Practice. Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information

Malusi, M. 2004. Gender and Rural Households in Malawi. Laurentian University. Ontario, Canada. There is growing interest in understanding gender relations in rural households. This document brings together information that should help in understanding of the day-to-day lives of rural men and women and how their conditions are influenced and shaped by gender. Priority has been given to information that is relevant to understanding household differentiation including structures and composition, headship status, income generation and resource distribution, decision responsibilities and patterns. The document attempts to pinpoint major issues related to household circumstances such as the dominance of men in controlling income and resources, economic insecurity and vulnerability of women in male headed households, power struggles within decision making levels and patterns and the problem of hunger and food insecurity repeatedly experienced by rural families.Gender and Rural Households in Malawi is the first publication of this nature in Malawi. It is envisaged that the document will be updated in the near future. In the meantime, we trust the contents will stimulate wide interest and discussions and will provide useful input in gender related initiatives and rograms.

Oxaal, Z. with Sally Baden. 1997. Gender and empowerment: definitions, approaches and implications for policy. BRIDGE Report No 40. Briefing prepared for the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

Prepared for the UK Department for International Development by Alyson Brody, Justina Demetriades and Emily Esplen, BRIDGE, Institute of Development Studies (IDS), UK. Junio 2008. Gender and Climate Change Mapping the Linkages A Scoping Study on Knowledge and Gaps

Pasteur, K. 2002. Gender Analysis for Sustainable Livelihoods Frameworks, tools and links to other sources (DRAFT).The livelihoods needs of men and women are not always the same, due to their different roles, responsibilities and resources. The impact of different livelihood interventions will also vary according to gender: e.g. a technology to relieve the workload of men, may result in an increase in the workload of women, or vice versa. Women and men are likely to differ also in their capacity, authority or availability to participate in livelihoods analysis or livelihoods interventions, so attention must be paid to overcoming such barriers. This short tool aims to briefly highlight the importance of gender analysis, and to suggest frameworks and tools to guide the practitioner in incorporating gender aspects into a livelihoods analysis.Agricultural technologies for rural poverty alleviation  PopularDescription Abedin MZ, Bool MRL. 2004. Agricultural technologies for rural poverty alleviation. Technical Advisory Notes. Flood-prone Rice Farming Systems Series. Los Baños (Philippines) International Rice Research Institute and International Fund for Agricultural Development. 57 p. ISBN 971-22-0201-1

Anon. 2000. Analyzing gender and interest groups in agricultural and natural resource management research. Report of a workshop. Hanoi, Vietnam, CIP-Hanoi, UPWARD, CIAT-AsiaFSP and PRGA Program. March 20 - 25, 2000.

Feldstein HS. 1998. An inventory of gender-related research and training in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Centers 1996-1998. Consultative Group on International Agriculture Participatory Research and Gender Analysis Program (CGIAR-PRGA), Cali, Colombia.

Abedin MZ, Bool MRL. 2004. Agricultural technologies for rural poverty alleviation. Technical Advisory Notes. Flood-prone Rice Farming Systems Series. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute and International Fund for Agricultural Development. 57 p. ISBN 971-22-0201-1