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This chapter uses examples from empirical impact studies that the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (SWP-PRGA) Program and the Impact Assessment Unit of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) have conducted in collaboration with many partners to illustrate how and when user participation has potential for contributing to the processes of scaling up and out the impact of agricultural and natural resource management (NRM) research. Scaling out in this context implies the geographical spread of PRGA methods through replication and adaptation, and scaling up is taken to mean the adoption of PRGA methods at a higher organizational level (Menter et al., this volume). The scaling up and out of methodological innovation is integrally linked to perceived benefits of the method over conventional methods of agricultural technology development.

PRGA Working Document no. 23 (revised), 2005 Impact of Participatory Natural Resource Management Research in Cassava-Based Cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand.

Knox A; Lilja N, 2004. Farmer Research and Extension. 20-20 Vision. International Food Policy Research Institute. Focus 11, Brief 14. In: Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Development (Meinzen-Dick R; DiGregorio M, ed.).

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R, 2007. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand. In: Waibel H; Zilberman D (ed.) The Impact of Natural Resource Management Research in the CGIAR. FAO, Rome, and CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 320p.

Sanginga, P. A. Stroud, J. Tumwine, N. Turyahabwe and G. Manzi. 2002. Assessment of the Impacts of Farmer Participation in Farmer Research Groups in the Highlands of Kabale, Uganda. Africa Highlands Ecoregional Programme (AHI); International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF).