Compelling evidence of the impact and costs of using participatory approaches is needed in order for scientists and research managers to make informed decisions about if and how to incorporate participatory and gender-sensitive approaches into their research. Although the impacts of PR projects are now often systematically recorded, the differential effect of using participatory, in contrast to conventional approaches has rarely been systematically analyzed and documented; neither has the effect of using varying types of participation during different stages in the research process.

Refereed journal articles

Johnson N; Lilja N; Ashby JA, 2003. Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research. Agricultural Systems 78: 287-306.

Johnson N; Lilja N; Ashby JA; Garcia JA, 2004. The practice of participatory research in natural resource management research. Natural Resources Forum 28: 189-200.

Mangione D; Senni S; Puccioni M; Grando S; Ceccarelli S, 2006. The cost of participatory barley breeding. Euphytica.

Sanginga PC; Lilja N; Tumwine J, in press. The dynamics of participation in farmers' research groups: Lessons from the highlands of southeastern Uganda. Agricultural and Human Values.

Book chapters and books

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R, 2005. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand. In: Zilberman D; Waibel H (ed.) The Impact of Natural Resource Management Research in the CGIAR. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Lilja N; Ashby JA; Johnson N, 2004. Scaling up and out the impact of agricultural research with farmer participatory research. In: Pachico D (ed.) Scaling Up and Out: Achieving Widespread Impact Through Agricultural Research. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.

Lilja N; Ashby JA, 2001. Overview: Assessing the impact of using participatory research and gender analysis", pp. 1-22 in Lilja, N; Ashby J; Sperling L, (eds) 2001. Assessing the impact of participatory research and gender analysis. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia. 294p.

Lilja N.; Ashby J.; Sperling L. 2001. Assessing the impact of participatory research and gender analysis. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia. 294 p.

Workshop and conference papers, presentations and posters

Ashby J; Lilja N. Participatory research: Does it work? Evidence from participatory plant breeding. 4th International Crop Science Congress "New Directions for a Diverse Planet," 26 September to 1 October 2004, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the Integrated Natural Resource Management Group (INRM) and CGIAR Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA), June 13-19, 2005, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, The Philippines.

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R. Human capital accumulation and productivity improvements in Asian cassava systems: Are participatory research approaches beneficial? Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association meeting, July 24-27, 2005, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand. Paper presented at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, November 16, 2005.

Johnson N; Lilja N; Ashby JA, Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research: Evidence from three case studies. Contributed paper presented at the conference "Impacts of Agricultural Research and Development: Why Has Impact Assessment Research Not Made More of a Difference?" hosted by the CGIAR's Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA) and CIMMYT, Jose, Costa Rica, 4-7 February, 2002.

Jones M; Dalton, T; Lilja N; Macaire D, 2000. Regional networks for participatory varietal selection: The generation and dissemination of impact oriented and demand driven technology. In: Participatory Varietal Selection: Proceedings of the PRIGA Workshop, 17-21 April 2000, WARDA Headquarters, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.

Kaaria S; Lilja N; Sandoval V; Garcia J; Hincapié F. Assessing impacts of farmer participatory research approaches: A case study of local agricultural research committees in Colombia. Paper presented at Impact Assessment Workshop, October 19-21, 2005, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF.

Lilja, N. 2003. Quality and Impact of Participatory Research in the CGIAR. Presented at the 2002 PRGA Stakeholder Meeting, April 22-23, Bonn, Germany. Hosted by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Lilja N; Dixon J; Manners G. 2006. New avenues in impact assessment of participatory research. In: Lilja N; Dixon J; Manners G; La Rovere R; Hellin J; Sims Feldstein H (eds). New Avenues in impact assessment of participatory research. Summary proceedings of the impact assessment workshop, CIMMYT Headquarters, Texcoco, Mexico, October 19-21, 2005.

Knox, A and Lilja, N. Farmer Research and Extension. 20-20 Vision. International Food Policy Research Institute. Focus II, Brief 14. In: Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Developments (Meizen-Dick R; Digregorio M, ed.)

Lilja N; Dixon J; Manners G; La Rovere R; Hellin J; Sims Feldstein H (eds). 2006. New avenues in impact assessment of participatory research. Summary proceedings of the impact assessment workshop, CIMMYT Headquarters, Texcoco, Mexico, October 19-21, 2005.

Lilja N. Reframing impact assessment and evaluation. Keynote presentation at Impact Assessment Workshop, October 19-21, 2005, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF.

Lilja N; Aw-Hassan A. Benefits and costs of participatory barley breeding in Syria. Conference paper presented at the 25th International Conference of IAAE, Durban, South Africa, 16-22 August 2003.

Lilja, N., A. Aw-Hassan, H. Salahieh, J. Ashby, S. Ceccarelli and S. Grando. 2002. Benefits and Costs of Decentralized Participatory Barley Breeding at ICARDA, Syria. PRGA/ICARDA Presentation from: The Quality of Science in Participatory Plant Breeding. A workshop hosted by the PRGA and the System-wide Genetic Resources Program (convened at IPGRI). September 30-October 4, 2002, IPGRI, Rome, Italy.

Mustafa Y; Grando S; Ceccarelli S. Benefit-cost analysis of a participatory breeding program in Syria. Paper presented at Impact Assessment Workshop, October 19-21, 2005, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF.

Sanginga PC; Lilja, N; Gurung B, 2001. Assessing the benefits of rural women's participation in natural resource management: Proceedings of the NRM small grants end-of-project workshop, Nov. 13-17, 2001. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia.

Twomlow S; Lilja N. The role of evaluation in successful integrated natural resource management. Invited paper presented at 4th International Crop Science Congress “New Directions for a Diverse Planet,” 26 September to 1 October 2004, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Working documents

Averill D; Lilja N; Manners G. 2006. Participatory Research and Gender Analysis in Agricultural and Natural Resource Management Research: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Literature. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia.

Dalton T; Lilja N; Johnson N; Howeler R, 2005. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand. Working Document No. 23 (revised). PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 27p.

Fernández M. 2001. Assessing impacts of participation: Stakeholders, gender and difference. Working Document No. 12. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 11 p.

Fukuda W; Saad N. 2000. Participatory Research in Cassava Breeding with Farmers in Northeastern Brazil. Working Document No. 14. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 39 p.

Johnson N; Lilja N; Ashby JA, 2001. Using participatory research and gender analysis in natural resource management: A preliminary analysis of the PRGA inventory. Working Document No. 10, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia.

Johnson N.; Lilja N.; Ashby J. 2000. Characterizing and measuring the effects of incorporating stakeholder participation in natural resource management research. Analysis of research benefits and costs in three case studies. Working Document No. 17. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 124 p.

Lilja N; Bellon M, 2006. Participatory research projects at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia and CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F. 43p.

Lilja N; Erenstein O. 2002. Institutional process impacts of participatory rice improvement research and gender analysis in West Africa. Working Document, No. 20. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 28 p.

Lilja, N.; Johnson, N. 2001. Guide to impact assessment of participatory research and gender analysis. Working Document no. 7, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia. 63p.

Lilja N; Ashby JA, 1999. Types of gender analysis in participatory plant breeding and natural resource management research. Working Document No. 8, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia.

Lilja N; Ashby JA, 1999. Types of participatory research based on locus of decision-making. Working Document No. 6, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia.

Saad, N; Lilja, N; Fukuda, W. 2005. Participatory Cassava Breeding in Northeast Brazil: Who Adopts and Why?. Working Document No. 24. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia. 28p.

Sanginga PC; Lilja N; Tumwine J. 2002 Assessing the quality of participation in farmers' research groups in the highlands of Kabale, Uganda. Working Document No. 19. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia.

Reports

Agrifood Consulting International, 2004. Integrating germplasm, natural resource, and institutional innovations to enhance impact: The case of cassava-based cropping systems research in Asia. CIAT-PRGA Impact Case Study. A Report Prepared for CIAT-PRGA by Agrifood Consulting International, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 506 p.

Calkins P; Thao VT, 2005. Institutional impacts of the Cassava Farmer Participatory Research and Extension Project in Thailand and Vietnam, 1993-2004. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 66p.

Other publications

CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program). 1997. Assessing the benefits or rural women's participation in natural resource management and capacity - building. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program), Cali, Colombia. 33 p.