An important insight gained through the inventorying process is that, given the quantity and scope of PR and GA currently being implemented (both within and outside the CG), the question is no longer whether or not projects use (or should use) these approaches, but rather how well they use them. As a result of collaboration through the PRGA's working groups and the inventory process conducted, the scientific community now knows much more than before about the variable nature and potential applications of PR and GA. We know that not all participation and not all GA is the same. The PRGA Program has dedicated significant resources to demystifying participation and GA; not to prescribe any particular type or mode as the correct one, but rather to understand the effect of different modes of participation on the outcomes of research, and to help researchers make sound judgments about when and how to apply participatory and gender-sensitive methods.

Books chapters and books

Averill D; Lilja N; Manners G, in prep. Participatory Research and Gender Analysis in Agricultural and Natural Resource Management Research: A Selected Review of the Literature. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia, in prep.

Bellon, M. and Reeves, J. (eds.). 2002. Quantitative analysis of data from participatory methods in plant breeding. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, DF. 143 p

Braun AR, 2005. Beyond the problem-solving approach to sustainable rural development. In: Gonsalves J; Becker T; Braun A; Campilan D; De Chavez H; Fajber E; Kapiriri M; Rivaca-Caminade J; Vernooy R (ed.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users' Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (CIP-UPWARD), Laguna, The Philippines and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 129-134

Ceccarelli S; Grando S, 2005. Decentralized participatory plant breeding: A case from Syria. In: Gonsalves J; Becker T; Braun A; Campilan D; De Chavez H; Fajber E; Kapiriri M; Rivaca-Caminade J; Vernooy R (ed.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users' Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (CIP-UPWARD), Laguna, The Philippines and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 193-199.

Gonsalves J; Becker T; Braun A; Campilan D; De Chavez H; Fajber E; Kapiriri M; Rivaca-Caminade J; Vernooy R (ed.), 2005. Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. Volume 2: Enabling Participatory Research and Development. Volume 3: Doing Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users' Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (CIP-UPWARD), Laguna, The Philippines and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada.

McDougall C.; Braun A, 2003. Navigating complexity, diversity and dynamism: reflections on research for natural resource management. In: Pound B; Snapp S; McDougall C; Braun A (ed.) Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. Earthscan/IDRC

Pound B; Snapp S; McDougall C; Braun A (Ed.), 2003. Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. Earthscan/IDRC.

Roothaert R; Kerridge P, 2005. Adoption and scaling out - experiences of the Forages for Smallholders Project in South-east Asia. In: C. Conroy (ed.) Participatory Livestock Research: A Guide. Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), Warwickshire, UK. Pp. 225-236.

Thiele G; Braun A; Edson Gandarillas E, 2005. Farmer field schools and local agricultural research committees as complementary platforms: New challenges and opportunities. In: Gonsalves J; Becker T; Braun A; Campilan D; De Chavez H; Fajber E; Kapiriri M; Rivaca-Caminade J; Vernooy R (ed.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 3: Doing Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (CIP-UPWARD), Laguna, The Philippines and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 142-152.

Van Mele P; Braun AR, 2005. Importance of Methodological Diversity in Research and Development Innovation Systems. In: Gonsalves J; Becker T; Braun A; Campilan D; De Chavez H; Fajber E; Kapiriri M; Rivaca-Caminade J; Vernooy R (ed.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users' Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (CIP-UPWARD), Laguna, The Philippines and International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 151-156

Workshop and conference papers, presentations and posters

Amede T; Mengistu S; Roothaert R. Intensification of livestock feed production in Ethiopian highlands: Potential and experiences of the African Highlands Initiative. Paper presented at the 19th Ethiopian Veterinary Association Annual conference, June 8, 2005, Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Aw-Hassan A. Participatory research. Lecture at the Consultative Workshop on Participatory Plant Breeding (CONPAB) a Specific Support Action funded by the European Commission (Contract no. INCO-CT-2003-502444), April-May

Ceccarelli S. Participatory plant breeding. Lecture presented at the Workshop on "Barley research in Iran: Priorities and strategies," July 2005, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran2005, Aleppo, Syria

Ceccarelli S. Participatory plant breeding. Lecture at the Changes Agent in Rural Development training course, August 2005, C. Obregón, Sonora, Mexico.

Ceccarelli S. Participatory Plant Breeding in Water-Limited Environments. Seminar presented at Cornell University, USA, November 2005.

Ceccarelli S. Participatory plant breeding-An example of demand-driven research. Lecture at the European Seminar on "Seeds Liberate Diversity," November 24-25, 2005, Poitiers, France.

Ceccarelli S; Grando S. Participatory plant breeding. Lectures at the Consultative Workshop on Participatory Plant Breeding (CONPAB) a Specific Support Action funded by the European Commission (Contract no. INCO-CT-2003-502444), April-May 2005, Aleppo, Syria.

Ceccarelli S; Grando S. Workshop on "Recognition, Access, and Benefit Sharing in Participatory Plant Breeding," August 2005, Amman, Jordan. (Supported by IDRC.)

Ceccarelli S; Grando S, 2005. Decentralized-participatory plant breeding. In: Tuberosa R; Phillips RL; Gale M (ed.) Proceedings of the International Congress "In the Wake of the Double Helix: From the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution," May 27-31, 2003, Bologna, Italy. Avenue Media, Bologna. Pp. 145-156.

Ceccarelli S; Grando S. Participatory plant breeding: A fast track to variety development. Paper presented at the American Society of Agronomy (ASA) Meeting, November 2005, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Ceccarelli S; Grando S; Baum M. Participatory plant breeding in water-limited environments. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production under Drought Stress (INTERDROUGHT II), September 24-28, 2005, Rome, Italy.

CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program). 2001. An exchange and experiences from South and South East Asia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Participatory Plant Breeding and Participatory Plant Genetic Resources Enhancement Pokhara, Nepal, 1-5 May, 2000. Cali, Colombia. 451 p.

CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program). 2000. Fitomejoramiento participativo en América Latina y el Caribe: Memorias de un simposio internacional, 31 agosto-3 septiembre 1999, Quito, Ecuador [CD-Rom], Cali, Colombia.

Feldstein HS. Gender differences in production and supply elasticities. Paper presented at the IFPRI Gender Impact Seminar, November 2-3, 2004, IFPRI, Washington, DC, USA

Maatougui M. Workshop on "Participatory Plant Breeding," Algiers, Algeria, December 24, 2005. Supported by the European Commission (Contract no. INCO-CT-2003-502444) as Specific Support Action. Also click here

Twomlow S; Lilja N. The role of evaluation in successful integrated natural resource management. 4th International Crop Science Congress "New Directions for a Diverse Planet," 26 September to 1 October 2004, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Voss J; Gurung B. Escaping the rural poverty trap: What do private sector and gender have to do with it? The contributions of gender-based approaches and private-public partnerships in rural enterprises to reduce poverty. Paper presented at the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Canada, September 14, 2005.

Working documents

Kaaria S.; Ashby J. 2001. An approach to technological innovation that benefits rural women: The resource-to-consumption system. Working Document No. 13. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 55 p.

Lambrou Y. 2001. A typology: Participatory research and gender analysis in natural resource management research. Working Document No. 15. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 17 p.

Lilja N.; Ashby J. 1999. Types of participatory research based on locus of decision making. Working Document No. 6. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 9 p.

Lilja N.; Ashby J. 1999. Types of gender analysis in natural resources management and plant breeding. Working Document No. 8. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 6 p.

Lilja N; Johnson N. 2002. Guide to impact assessment in participatory research and gender analysis. Working Document, No. 7. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 63 p.

McGuire S; Manicad G; Sperling L. 2003. Technical and institutional issues in participatory plant breeding: done from a perspective of farmer plant breeding. A global analysis of issues and of current experience. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. (Also available as Working Document, No. 2.)

Roothaert R, 2004. Decision guide on developing livestock enterprises with rural communities in Africa. Working Document for the Enabling Rural Innovation Initiative. CIAT, PRGA, and ILRI, Kampala, Uganda.

Saad N; Lilja N; Fukuda W, 2005. Participatory cassava breeding in Northeast Brazil: Who adopts the new varieties and why? Working Document No. 24. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia.

Saad N. 2002. Farmer processes of experimentation and innovation: a review of the literature. Working Document No. 21. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia.

Thro AM; Spillane C. 2003. Biotechnology-assisted participatory plant breeding: complement or contradiction? PPB Monograph, No. 3. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. (Also available as Working Document, No.4.)

Reports

CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program). 2000. Equity well-being, and ecosystem health: participatory research for natural resource management. Cali, Colombia.
62 p.

Fukuda W; Saad N. 2001. Participatory research in cassava breeding with farmers in northeastern Brazil. Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura. PRGA Program, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. 42 p.

Knox A; Lilja N, 2004. Farmer Research and Extension. 20-20 Vision. International Food Policy Research Institute. Focus 11, Brief 14. In: Collective Action and Property Rights for Sustainable Development (Meinzen-Dick R; DiGregorio M, ed.).

Ravnborg, H.; Guerrero, M.; Westerman, O. 2000. Collective action for managing natural resources: A manual for identifying stakeholders. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia. 55 p.

Other publications

Ceccarelli S; Grando S, 2004. Decentralized-Participatory Plant Breeding [brochure]. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. 6p.

CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA Program). 2001. Linking logics II. Exploring linkages between farmer participatory research and computer-base simulation modeling [CD-Rom]. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Farnworth CR; Jiggins J. 2003. Participatory plant breeding and gender. PPB Monograph, No. 4. PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia.

Feldstein H. 1998. An inventory of gender-related research and training in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Centers 1996-98. Consultative Group on International Agriculture-Participatory Research and Gender Analysis Systemwide Program (CGIAR-PRGA), Cali, Colombia.